Report to the City Council of Toronto on the proposed water supply by gravitation [microform] : from the Oak Ridge Lakes and the rivers Don and Rouge, with map, &c.

REPORT

CITY COUNCIL OF TORONTO

Proposed Water Supply by Gravitation

OAK RIDGE LAKES AND THE RIVERS DON AND ROUGE,

With Map, &.,

Messrs. William J. McAlpine and kivas Tully,

Civit ENGINEERS.

4
&

WATER SUPPLY BY GRAVITATION.

Mayor’s MESSAGE.

Toronto, F sbruary 19th, 1887.
Gentlemen of the Cou neil:

I beg to bring down the following papers as the Report of
Messrs. McAlpine and Tully on obtaining a water supply by gravi-
tation for the City of Toronto, and a letter from Kivas Tully, Esq.,

C.E., on the same point,

I would suggest that the Reports be printed with the accompany-
ing map, for the intormation of the members, and would only call
attention to the fact that, according to the Report, a supply of 20,000,-
000 gallons of water daily by gravitation can be procured from the
head waters of the middle and west branches of the Don ata cost of
less than $500,000,

This supply being by gravitation would, after the expense of
construction once over, be free from the annual expense for mainten-

ance to which we are now subject in our present system.

W. H. HOWLAND,
Mayor.

(Lerrer FRoM Kivas TULLY, Esq., C.E.)

Toronto, February 18th, 1887.

His Worship W. H. Howland, Mayor, City Hall, Toronto.

Str,—I have the honor to enclose the Report on the water supply
to the City by gravitation from the Ridge Lakes and the Don and
Rouge Rivers, as indicated on the accompanying map. Referring to
my first communication on the subject, dated in April last, it was
stated that “The annual sum of $70,000, the present cost of pumping
from Lake Ontario by steam power, represents the interest of $1,750,-
000 capital at 4 per cent. It is therefore a proper question for the
Council to consider whether, by the expenditure of the above amount in
procuring a water supply by gravitation, this annually increasing
expenditure could not be saved for the future, an additional pressure
for fire purposes obtained, and water from an undoubted and_ reliable
source provided.” It was also recommended that “ it might be advis-
able to procure an opinion from Mr. McAlpine, as he has had much
experience in reporting on and constructing water works in the United
States.” As this was approved, a careful examination of the Ridge
Lakes and the district north of the City was made by Mr. McAlpine
with yourself and some members of the Water Works Committee, in
June last. Since that time, information as to levels, ete., has been
procured by an official of the Water Works, and after a long corre-
spondence and consultation, the results, which are fully explained in
the Report, will be found to justify my opinion and recommendation,
and further to demonstrate the practicability of a water supply to the
City by gravitation, combined with a large annual saving in the expen-
diture.

The water supply to Toronto was stated lately to be the purest
in the world; if so, it is strange that this pure water cannot at all
times be supplied to the citizens.

The Report of Professor Lawt Carpenter, who was here in 1884
with the British Association, and who tested the water at various points
in the Bay and Lake, states that the water at the bell buoy, outside
the Island, the inlet of the water supply pipe, is “ decidealy the best
sample of all, but did not compare well with pure water. This is
without doubt contaminated to a certain extent ;” also, (3) “ That the

, 1887.

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water as drawn from the bell buoy is by no means free from contamni-
nation from sewage and other organic impurities.” His conclusions
are (4) “That this water becomes mixed in its passage from the bell
buoy to the pumping house with the bad water in the Bay, probably
from leaks in the pipes, and in the well at the lake end of the wharf
at the pumping house.”

“A town may go on for some time drinking contaminated water
with apparent freedom from illness, but this water is the breeding
ground for many germs and microbes, and experience has shown that
the intestinal discharges of one typhoid fever patient into such water
is sufficient to poison a large water supply, so rapidly do the germs
multiply under favorable conditions.”

Tt may be urged that improvements have been made at the Water
Works crib by lining it with iron, which I believe has been done since
1884, by which pollution from this source has been prevented ; but the
leaks in the pipes across the Bay have apparently not been attended
to as suggested, and the discolored state of the water after heavy
gales indicates that the causes of pollution have not been alto-
gether removed, The specimens of water which you procured last
year, and which can still be seen in your office at the City Hall, show
that there is a marked change between the lake water and that sup-
plied to the City. I am constrained, therefore, to express the opinion,
from practical experience and constant observation for over 40 years,
that the citizens have never been supplied with pure water at all |

seasons of the year. |

As the City of Rochester was supplied with water by steam power |
in the first instance, and afterwards by gravitation to increase the |
supply, both of which systems have been in operation for several years,
[ would strongly advise that you should personally, with some mem-
bers and officials of the City Council, visit Rochester during the Spring,
for the purpose of thoroughly examining and reporting on both sys-
teins, but particularly to ascertain whether the water obtained by
gravitation has been pure, abundant, and suitable for domestic pur-

poses.
I remain,
Your obedient servant,

Kivas TULLY.

—— --- 22 eee ~ <<

Report or W. J. McAupine, C.E., AND Kivas TULLy, C.E.
Toronto, February 14th, 1887.

His Worship W. H. Howland, Mayor, and City Council, Toronto :

Sir,—On the 22nd of October last we presented to you a pre-
liminary Report on the project of supplying the City with water from
the ridge lakes, the eastern sources of the River Humber and the
district south of the same, through which flow the Rivers Don and
Rouge.

We now lay before you the results of our further examination of
the subject, which show that an abundant supply of pure and whole-
some water can be obtained from the sources mentioned and delivered
in the City at a level of at least 220 feet above Lake Ontario, at a
cost for an equal quantity the annual interest of which and that of
the maintenance of the work will be less than one-half the present
cost of supplying the City by pumping from Lake Ontario. Also,
that the cost of increasing the quantity up to fifty millions, or any
probable future demand, including the cost of maintenance and
operating, will be much less than an equal quantity could be obtained
by the increase of the pumping works and of their maintenance and
operation. We understand that the chief object of the present
examination is to determine whether the interests of the City will
warrant the expense of a careful instrumental examination and esti-
inate of the cost of the proposed works before any large expenditures
are made for enlarging or improving the existing pumping works.
The data in our possession, though sufficient for presenting the
general features and approximately the cost of the “gravity plan,”
are not sufficient to determine the plans in such detail as are necessary
to present absolutely accurate estimates of the cost, &e.

The instrumental examinations which we would suggest are as
follows :

Ist. A survey of the areas of the several water sheds of the
branches of the Don, Rouge, and of each of the ridge lakes hereinafter
referred to, and also the areas of each of the lake surfaces.

2nd. The selection of such storage reservoir sites on each of the
streams as are necessary to carry out the plans hereinafter described,
and the measurements to determine their capacities and the plans of
the dams thereat.

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3rd. The location of the several pipe lines from the lower reser-
voirs on each of the streams to the present City reservoir, or to such
other distributing reservoir of greater elevation in or near the City.

4th. The establishment of self-registering rain gauges over the
proposed water sheds, the records of which, though for a comparative
short time, may be compared with those for the same period at the
Toronto Observatory, and thus establish the ratio of precipitation
between them so as to apply the valuable measurements of the latter
for the last 45 years to the water sheds in question ; also, to establish
gauges on the Don and Rouge and measure the daily flow off, so as
to compare their ratios with those of other districts of corresponding
character; also, to have a weekly or monthly measurement of the
elevation of the water on each of the lakes.

The general features of the proposed “gravity plan” are as follows:

1. To conduct the waters from the ridge lakes herein specified to
the head waters of the Don in a canal and steel pipe.

2. To intercept the waters of the three branches of the Don and
Rouge at an elevation of about 300 to 350 feet above the level of
Lake Ontario and convey them to the City Water Works distributing
reservoir in steel pipes.

3. To equalize the daily flow from the rivers specified by the
construction of storage reservoirs in suitable places in the valleys, of
sufficient capacity to receive and retain the excesses from the rainfall,
&e., and discharging the same when the natural flow is less than the
mean of the year from the absence of rain and other causes. The
ridge lakes have sufficient capacity to retain as long as desired all of
the water which runs into them, even from the greatest rains and
melting snows, and it can be discharged therefrom as may be found
advisable, and particularly during those summer months when the
natural flow of the water in the rivers is at a minimum.

4. To thoroughly remove from the beds of the lakes to a reason-
able depth, and from the land to be flooded at the storage reservoirs,
all decayed and growing vegetable matter and other impurities ; and,

5. To pass all the water through mechanical, and, if found necessary,
chemicai filters, before entering the conduit pipes.

THE SOURCES AND QUALITY OF THE WATER.

In the mixed population of a city there are always prejudices and
fallacies in regard to this branch of the subject, which it is advisable
to remove by a statement of the received opinions of the source of
water and changes which it undergoes before it is used, and there are
some general principles which may be applied to determine the quality
of the water which any particular source will furnish. Many of these
are but repetitions of what have been learned at school, but which
have to some extent been forgotten by those’ engaged in active life.
The parent source of all the fresh water on the earth is the ocean, and
the atmosphere is the vehicle by which it is conveyed over and pre-
cipitated upon the land, from whence, after performing its various
functions, it flows back to the sea, to be again exhaled and distributed
over the land, and has thus incessantly circulated for ages.

The water which is precipitated upon the earth is in part absorbed
by growing vegetation or by evaporation, and the remainder flows off
through the superficial water courses to the brooks and rivers, and
back to the ocean, or it penetrates the porous soil in drops, which
unite together beneath the surface in threads, veins and strata, and
descending until they meet some impenetrable stratum of exrth or
rock, over which they flow subterraneously and reappear on the river
banks and other low places, in springs, and sometimes streams of con-
siderable size.

Springs derive their supply from the aggregation of these rain
drops, which have penetrated the porous soil ; and wells are merely the
interception of these underground threads and veins of water ; while
ponds and lakes are formed in depressed places by the same drops
collecting in a mass over a substratum of soil or rock through which

} they cannot percolate, and then the water rises to the brim of the
natural water-tight basin and flows over in a brook or river.

Water is never found in nature ina perfectly pure condition. In
its vapory form it has a strong affinity for the other gaseous sub-
stances with which the air is charged! from eftete matter; and in its
liquid form it is a solvent of many substances which it is brought into
contact with upon and beneath the éarth, Water is most pure when
it is evaporated in mid-ocean, but as the vapory winds are driven over
the land as before stated, it absorbs the gases which are encountered
in the air, and when it falls to the earth and flows over or beneath it,

it takes up in solution decaying vegetable and animal matter, earthy
salts and other injurious substances.

Rainwater falling through a pure atmosphere—as outside of
towns—upon a clean surface, is the purest form in which it can be
found. That which falls upon a pure sandy soil, free from vegetation,
is the next most pure. Vegetation and animal life while growing are
absorbents of deleterious matter in the air and water, but in decaying
give out that which is noxious to both. Surface water is therefore
the least pure in the autumn, when vegetation begins to decay, and the
most so in the winter and spring, when no decomposition occurs, or
when vegetation is growing; while spring and well waters, which
derive their principal impurities from earthy solutions, are neariy
equally impure at all seasons of the year, according to the presence or
absence of such solvent materials in the soil.

For drinking, water should be wholesome, clear, cool, and aerated ;
and for other domestic and manufacturing purposes, it must be soft
and limpid.

For a public water supply, therefore, the water should be selected
having the following characteristics in the highest degree possible,
viz., first, purity ; next, softness ; and next, limpidity.

The late Mr. Soyer, the most eminent cook in the world, stated
that there is a difference of one-half in the time required to cook vege-
tables and meats in hard instead of soft water, and adds that one-
third of the tea used in London is wasted by the use of hard water.
It has been ascertained that in the use of soap, the difference between
hard and soft water is equal to one dollar per annum for each inhabi-
tant.

The analyst has reported that the waters of the Ridge Lakes, as
they are now found, are objectionable on account of the amount of
vegetable matter present therein. The plans herewith presented con-
template the removal of all existing decayed or growing vegetable
matter from the bed of the lakes to a depth of fifteen or twenty
feet, and covering all of the surfaces, when the beds of the lakes are
liable to grow vegetation, with coarse gravel. These measures will
remove almost or nearly all of the vegetable contamination to the
waters from these lakes. It is also proposed that the water from
the lakes shall be conducted in open channels for considerable dis-
tances, and particularly down the channel of the upper part of the west

10

branch of the River Don, where the fall is frequently considerable,
which will produce much agitation. These exposures of the running
waters to atmospheric influence will doubtless oxydize the impurities
of all kinds which may happen to enter the waters.

It is also intended to have automatic reversible filters in one of
the lower reservoirs on each of the rivers, which will remove any
possible remainder of the impurities. In many cases the cost of filter-
ing is expensive, but in the present one the power required to force
the water through the filter will be without cost, and the previous
action of the subsidence in the large reservoirs and aeration in the
open channels will leave but little, if any, for the filters to perform,
and their expense will be comparatively small. The water from these
sources thus treated will undoubtedly be equal to that from Lake
Ontario, with less degree of hardness, Bond Lake being only 6 degrees
while Lake Ontario is 10. St. George’s and Wilcock’s, however, are
harder than Lake Ontario, according to the analyst’s Report. The
water will be agreeably aerated by the rapids of the rivers, and in
passing through the filters.

The supply from these lakes forms an admirable adjunct to the
scheme, as the lakes will form a very large storage at small cost, sufficient
to retain all the rain and snow without allowing any to run to waste,
and also enough to hold over the surplus from one year of larger rainfall
to another of lesser rainfall. If desired, nearly half of the water col-
lected from the water sheds of the lakes may be retained, and let
down for the supply of the City during the driest of the summer
months, when the natural flow of the rivers is comparatively small.
In this event, the expense of storing reservoirs on the latter may be
considerably reduced. The computations of the quantity of water
derivable from these lakes are based upon the precipitation at the
Toronto Observatory.

The water sheds are nearly four, hundred feet higher, which will
doubtless increase the precipitation, besides which it forms the divid-
ing crest between the Lakes Ontario and Simcoe, and intercepts the
water-laden winds from both directions.

The supply from the lakes alone would be an average of eight-
and-a-half millions of gallons a day for the whole year, and, if desired,
by retaining the waters in the lakes, twelve or fifteen millions of gal-
lons daily can be furnished to the City through the summer season
from this source.

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season

The areas of each of the lakes have been measured from the map, |
thereby correcting the statements of persons residing in the vicinity 1
with whom we conversed when inspecting them in May last,

The following shows the areas and water sheds of the Lakes:

AREA. WATER SHED.

eS nee oe 200 acres 1,800 acres.

RPC le Shere Wot Tuya way dct wh Rew RAN Sau sae Slee Pale (as 800 “
WER EEN 8h died ce rina: ve OOO LEE Ga 36. 360
BOUIN echo vein orice arsennd weminicee or) 46“ 2,000 “
LON era Uae Cone ae, ly a ete rer eee 45“ 540 “
+ No. 3,2 miles N.W. of Laskay........ 60.“ 2,100 <“
Total -———
462 acres 7,600 acres.

The cost of conducting the water from McLeod’s Lake, which is
40 feet higher than Bond Lake, into the latter, wonld be about $10,000;
but it has been ascertained that the waters from Bond Lake can be
conducted to the outlet channel from Wilcock’s Lake cheaper, but for
greater safety we have used an area of 9} square miles of water shed
instead of 12 square miles, the area of 7,600 acres, nearly.

These lakes will receive and store the whole of the rain and snow
fall annually, which averaged from 1841 to 1871 36.63 inches. The
least quantity was in 1848, 26.80 inches, and the preceding year 36.94
inches. The mean of these two is 31.87 inches—that is, the storage
capacity of the lakes is sufficient to carry over from preceding years
the surpluses to supply the deficiency of such a low water yielding
year as 1848, up to at least 31.87 inches, which is used in our caleula-
tion for the supply derivable from the lakes. As before stated, the
computations are based on the records kept at the Toronto Observa-
tory.

The following table shows the areas of the several water sheds,
and the daily supply obtainable therefrom, with the specified storages

* Notr.—Mr. St. George called these water sheds 4 square miles, 2,60U acres.

+t Notrm.—The water from lake No. 3 can be conducted by a pipe to the main
pipe near Laskay.—See map.

|Water
| Shed. |

MILLIons or GALLONS.

SourcEs.

Square Miles.
Daily Supply.

Storage.

le
to
ws

West branch of the Don.........

Middle branch, nee Thornhill. 2 | ¥ 2 | 628

Fast branch...........cccscecssesece

Six Ridge Lakes.........
T . , \1
Upper Humber,......... .sccosseee| 164 |
Rouge, near Unionville..........) 45 | (15

Jast of the Rouge.......... 30) UW |

INOLH IE cvs nendeee dia bod 552 | 1618
3

That is, with sinall storage, all of the above mentioned sources
will furnish a daily supply of 552 millions of gallons; with more
storage, 71} millions of gallons daily; and with still more storage,
94} millions of gallons daily.

About one-third of the annual rainfall is evaporated while the
water is flowing over the surface of the ground to reach the brooks,
and from the surfaces of the water courses themselves. When the
water is stored in large reservoirs, there is a further loss from evapo-
‘ation. This loss, however, is but one per cent. of the rainfall;
because the surface area of the required reservoirs is but 1-250th of
the area of the’ water shed.

The loss of water absorbed by vegetation is relatively very small.
These caleulations show that a third of a million gallons of water
daily can be obtained from each square mile of the water sheds in
question, and a, still larger supply if the storages be increased.

The following table shows the cost of obtaining certain specified
daily supplies by selections fron: the above mentioned sources, with
different amounts of storages. It also indicates the order of time in
which the works for each additional supply should be constructed :

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00 OO9'TE = 00 COGS Ett eBe103s UINUITXvUT yITAL ” % [|] 9 SIL || 00-01
0 OO116E 00 OUSOF $ “OB ‘ ” ” MONTUE 16-G 18-8
CW) OONNEL Spr teeteeeeree ee satOAdased UINTMULUT ‘uo, OY} JO YOUBIG JSAM By} WOT uot] 19:9
| “s[e3 uo] Tur

*7800 ‘g0dn0g WL] Ayrep [830],

90) T8701 ou 0} Sppy , (|| Saraepy

"€0YD)] 2Y} PUD SIILNO’ pauorjuauUt-2209D ay} WoLf s;unowD UID}.L90 Buriyddns fo 2809 942 JO

LNANGLYV.LS

$280,000 OV

15

As the method of obtaining a much larger supply of available
water than the minimum flow of any stream by the construction of
large storage reservoirs is not probably familiar to many of the citi-
zens, we have considered it advisable to refer to the experience of other
cities on this continent, and to explain the subject fully. New York,
Brooklyn, Boston, Providence, Albany, Troy, Rochester, and many
other American cities, largely increase their supplies by storing reser-
voirs. Many of the canals and water powers in England, America
and elsewhere have resorted to the same system. Its application to
the water supply of Toronto is therefore no novel or untried exper.-
ment.

The effect of storing the flood-water of a runring stream, so as to
produce an equable regular flow largely beyond the minimum of the
stream, is exhibited on a grand seale in the River St. Lawrence, where
the flow is almost exactly alike throughout the year, there being only
a slight difference in the flow off between the years of the greatest
and least rain falls, even when the former is nearly double the latter.
This equability of flow is effected by the immense areas of the great
lakes, over which the heaviest rain storms produce but a comparatively
thin layer of water.

The summit level of the Chenango Canal in the State of New
York was wholly and most successfully supplied with water from
storing reservoirs. This was fifty years ago. Some years later the
Genessee Valley Canal was supplied in the same manner, and still
later the Black River Canal. The long level of the Erie Canal enlarged
depends upon storing reservoirs directly for its supply. Many other
instances might be given of the frequent use and advantage of storing
reservoirs, but the above may be considered sufficient to justify their
use in the present instance.

The crest of the Oak Ridges north of Toronto runs parallel to the
shore line of Lake Ontario, eighteen miles distant, the summit of the
crest being from 750 to 850 feet above Lake Ontario, rising gradually
towards the eastern boundary of the County of York, and the rivers
run on the shortest line between the crest and the lake. The average
slope of the surface of the land in the most direct line from the crest
to the lake is one in 120 feet. The slopes of the upper parts of the
rivers for the first three miles average one in 160 feet, being from
one in 130, or perhaps less, to one in 200. For the next three miles

the river slopes are from one in 250 to one in 400, being flatter near
their mouths, but the average for their whole lengths is about one in
140. On a line parallel with the crest of the ridge and eight miles
south of it, the surfaces of the rivers are from 270 to 320 feet above
Lake Ontario. From the above data it will be perceived that the
water shed north of Toronto and above the level of the Rosehill reser-
voir is most favorably situated for the proposed water supply by
gravitation, the annual rain fall when collected in the several areas
as before described, being more than sufficient for present wants and
for many years in the future.

The positions of the lakes, which would be the summit sources of
the water supply from the crest of the ridge, the directions of the
rivers, and the areas of the several water sheds, are indicated on the
maps. which accompany this Report.

The quantity and cost of a gravitation supply having been deter-
mined by the above tables, it would be well to consider the quantity
and cost of the water at present supplied to the City by the three
large pumps with a daily maximum capacity of 24,000,000 gallons,
two of which are kept constantly running to maintain the supply.
By reference to the Annual Report of the Superintendent of the City
Water Works for 1885, it will be observed at page 9 that the cost of
maintenance in 1884 was $69,355.64, and the gallons pumped 3,645,-
422,082 ; in 1885 the cost was $65,082.39, and the gallons pumped 3,-
537,482,598. The average consumption of water per day being 9,675,-
493 gallons. The Superintendent also states that the daily “average
for the months of January and Februarv was 11,327,000 gallons,
while that of the month of June was only 8,995,972 ; showing con-
clusively that at this time the difference must have been run to waste
in order to keep the pipes, &c., from freezing, while in the very hot,
dry weather, the difference is what is used in the lawns and streets.
If this wastefulness is permitted to go unchecked, the people of To-
ronto must be prepared for another large expenditure for pumping
power, reservoir, &ec.” The cost of pumping 1,000 gallons in 1884 and
1885 is 1:904,and 1840 respectively. A new conduit pipe across the Bay
and a new reservoir are recommended, the cost of which has since been
estimated by the Superintendent at $781,000. The quantity of water
puinped in 1886 is stated to be 4,323,774,305 gallons, or 11,818,559
gallons per day, showing a marked’ annual increase. Under these
circumstances, the daily supply for 1887 cannot be calculated at less

Hatter near
bout one in
eight miles
) feet above
d that the
sehill reser-

supply by
veral areas
wants and

it sources of
ions of the
cated on the

been deter-
the quantity
y the three
000 gallons,
the supply.
of the City
the cost of
mped 3,645,-
pumped 3,-
being 9,675,-
ly “average
000 gallons.
showing con-
run to waste
1e very hot,
and _ streets.
sople of To-
or pumping
bin 1884 and
‘ross the Bay
s since been
tity of water
r 11,818,559
Under these
lated at less

than 12,000,000 gallons, and taking the population at 120,000, the
consumption per head would be 100 gallons per day, a liberal supply.

In reference to the new conduit the Superintendent states: “ The
growth of the City has been so rapid, however, and the prospect of its
still greater growth is so very encouraging, that in a very short time
it will be necessary to provide for the increasing consumption by lay-
ing another pipe across the Bay.” In respect to the new reservoir it
is stated: “At certain times, as in the spring and fall, the lake for
some distance beyond our inlet is discolored by storms, freshets, ete.,
and although containing nothing deleterious, clear water would be
preferable. The new reservoir, besides holding an extra supply in
case of accident, could be used partly as a settling basin, so that when
the lake was muddy the City could be supplied from here with clear
water.” With reference to the increasing consumption of water in
cities on this continent, it may be useful for comparison to give the
following figures which have been:taken from “ Fanning’s Hydraulic
Engineering.”

1874 1884
Boston average daily supply in gallons per head 60 110
Brooklyn 2 a a sf @ 58 63
Butialo st a " L ts 60 15]
Chicago Mt ul i i ag 84 145
Cincinnati “ s a L as 45 76
Cleveland a ef " « Ks 45 88
Deiroit , mf ff s 87 120
Jersey City “ u « s " 86 136
Louisville a rf te € u 24 64
Philadelphia “ ff % sf ut 58 8]
Washington “ ¥ r se 138 165
Montreal a f a K L. 66 88

The average daily consumption of the above cleven American
cities and Montrea! is 107} gallons per head of population for 1884.

The following extracts from a work recently published on “ The
Separate System of Sewage,” by Cady Stanley and G. 8. Pierson, C.E.,
in reference to the increasing consumption of water are also useful .
“Tt is also true that the per capita consumption and waste of water
has been gradually increasing up to the present time, and is likely to
reach still higher figures. This increased demand for water has been

18

a

met by pumping engines of much higher duty, and by improvements
in water works generally, which enable them to furnish water to the
consumer at lower and lower rates per gallon, commensurate with
increased economy secured, This in turn encourages the use of water
from the public mains for motive power, as the running of elevators,
motors, ete., and for the thousand and one purposes of light manufac-
turing, requiring the use of power, always ready and costing nothing
when not wanted. The application of water under pressure as a motive
power to work of this class is apparently in its infancy, and is destined
within the probable life of sewage systems now contemplated to con-
siderably augment their flow. Rapid as has been the development of
water supply systems in the United States, their capacity has barely
kept up with the demands of the people.”

“In American cities having well arranged and maintained systems
of water supply, and furnishing good, wholesome water for domestic
use, and clean soft water adapted to the uses of the arts and for
mechanical purposes, the average consumption is found to be approxi-
mately as follows :

OINOMGIO ONG s ici 6 vid dco naan clears own ces gallons per head,
Domestic us 20 gall r head
SUSI R REE Ro caicieey REIT CAC EE ae é e
Manufacturing. ......6..0cccvcevevevecees 5 to 15 Li ae
bn]
PPOUSIEEIRIB skciioeece cave tba 0 veh ate dee Eacetoe ese bOr LO bs ui
Waste: i Wintel: oi caleivcstencdacewcewts 10 i &§
Flushing and leakage.................... 5 to 15 g

Total 46 to 73 gallons.

By the above estimate for average consumption, it will be per-
ceived that the total supply is computed at from 46 to 73 gallons per
head for all purposes, but the average per head in Toronto appears
from reports to be from 65 to 100 gallons. Taking the latter, 100 gal-
lons, as the basis, the total average quantity to be supplied to the City
would not be less at the present time than 12 millions of gallons per
day, the estimated population being 120,000, and the annual cost by
the present pumping works would be about $70,000 for operating the
pumping works. The average daily consumption for two weeks end-
ing January 15th, 1887, was reported lately to be 14,283,348 gallons.
This is of course exceptional owing to the waste of water at this
season. According to the recent statistics above quoted, it appears
that the per capita consumption and waste of water increases in a

yrovements
ater to the
urate with
se of water
ft elevators,
t manufac-
ng nothing
as a motive
| is destined
ted to con-
slopment of
has barely

ned systems
for domestic
ats and for

be approxi-

s per head,

ns.
ill be per-
B gallons per
nto appears
ter, 100 gal-
l to the City
gallons per
ual cost by
perating the
weeks end-
343 gallons.
ater at this
, it appears

hereases in &

19

greater proportion than the increase of population. It will therefore
be necessary to provide for at least 20 millions of gallons per day,
and if the water becomes extensively used for power in the City, the
demand will, perhaps, ultimately reach thirty millions. By the
construction of the necessary works for diverting the waters of the
west, middle, and east branches of the River Don, which would
supply 25 millions of gallons per day to the Rosehill reservoir, the
cost as before stated would be as follows :

West branch of the Don, maximum supply... . $210,600 00
Middle iL us iu .... 280,100 00
East ¥ ¥ uF .... 195,500 00

ADOCGD. QUERY dikE Lh a cen ee cereale $686,200 00

By the further expenditure of $280,000 the supply from the
lakes could be increased 8} millions, and by still further adding the
maximum supply from the River Rouge, 224 millions daily, the total
supply could be increased to 56 millions of gallons daily, at a total
cost of $1,535,450, as per statements.

The water shed of the west, middle, and east branches of the
River Don for the supply of 25 millions of gallons daily, as indicated
on the acompanying map, is 50 square miles, and the river flow from
the middle and east branches, as before computed, can be diverted to
a reservoir below Thornhill, from which it would be conveyed in a
steel pipe to the Rosehill reservoir.

These waters may be discharged through a fountain in the centre
of the Rosehill reservoir, thereby ensuring aeration and further oxy-
dation, an arrangement which has been successfully and ornamentally
carried out at the lowest reservoir at the Rochester water works.

By means of a branch pipe connecting the gravitation supply
pipe with the present main water works pipe on the line of Yonge
Street, the pressure for fire purposes can be increased at least 25 Tb,
additional to the square inch, an important improvement for fire pur-
poses, which has also been successfully carried out at Rochester.

It will be observed that the plans herein preserted will permit of
successive enlargements from time to time, to meet the future demands
for water by the City, and do not, as is usual in similar cases, require
a large present expenditure to meet the demands of a distant future.

Exception has been taken to the sources from which the water
supply by gravitation can be obtained, and that the pollution from
farm yards, farm houses, outbuildings, villages and graveyards north
of Toronto would render the water unfit for use, and that the water
would not compare in purity with that now supplied to the City. The
answer to the above is that if the water supply from the north of
Toronto is objectionable on account of the supposed pollution from the
above mentioned causes, how much more objectionable must the water
of Lake Ontario be, which is the natural reservoir of 400,000 square
miles of farming and other lands, and into which the pollutions of
cities like Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Londons
Hamilton, Guelph, Toronto and other cities, villages, &e., with a popu-
lation of at least two millions, have their only outlet? That the water
of Lake Ontario is not polluted, the analyses made at different times
fully prove, at least it is not supposed to he objectionable.

The temperature of the water from deep-seated springs is that of
the earth at such a depth, which is about the mean temperature of
the place for the year, At the point of issue the temperature of spring
water changes a little with that of the season. Spring water is
usually charged with air, and this with its low temperature in summer
and high in winter, renders it grateful to the taste.

Water running through streams is self-purified. All the impure
matter is oxydized by its contact with the atmosphere, and when it is
collected into the reservoir, and becomes quiescent, the operation of
purification goes on always All the matter that it hitherto contained
which is heavier than the water goes to the bottom, and that which is
lighter than the water rises to the top, is exposed to the air, becomes
volatilized, and is carried away by the wind.

Hence the best mode of purifying the water is a reservoir, and a
natural Jake, of which the Engineer’s reservoir is merely an imitation.
Water from land used for agricultural purposes is not objectionable,
In no part of the world has water from farming lands been found to
be defiled. In fact, good earth is of itself a purifier of water, as
instanced in earth closets.

As before mentioned, in addition to its purity, the water which
can be supplied by gravitation to the City will be found suitable for
domestic use on account of its softness as compared with the water at
present supplied from Lake Ontario, a matter of the utmost importance
to the citizens.

aa eee

the water
ition from
ids north
the water
ity. The
- north of
n from the
, the water
JOO square
llutions of
o, London:
ith a popu-
the water
rent times

3 is that of
erature of
e of spring
s water is
in summer

he impure
when it is
eration of
contained
t which is
*, becomes

oir, and a
initation.
setionable,
found to
water, as

ter which
hitable for

COMPARISONS OF COST,
Comparative cost of supplying 12, 20, 30 and 50 millions of gal-
lons of water daily by pumping from Lake Ontario, and by gravity

‘from the district north of Toronto:

First—For 12 million gallons daily. By pumping. Assuming
that the capacity of the present works, viz., the supply pipe from the
lake, engines, pumps it boilers, houses, &e., including the necessary
duplicate pumping engines and force mains to the reservoir, is equal
to the supply of 12 million gallons daily, and taking the present onuual
cost of operating at $70,000. To this must be added an annual charge
for a renewal fund to replace the engines, pumps, boilers, supply and
force mains, the life of which, as above stated, may be taken at 30
years. The annual charge to provide for the renewals will not be less
than $13,120, making a total of. 00.00... ... cece ees $83,120 00
The works for delivering the same quantity by gravity

will cost $310,102, the annual interest on which at 4

DOP CMR UNs cL nrGhretesncoekecerens $12,404 00
The annual cost of management. and charge

for renewal fund is equal to........... 20,000 00 32,404 00
Annual saving in the cost of supplying 12 million gal-

lons daily by gravity... 0.0... eee eee es __ $50,716 00

The cost of repairs, labor and supervision of the City pipes and
reservoirs, being common to each plan, is omitted.

Second—For a daily supply of 20 million gallons :

By pumping—The Superintendent reports that the cost of adding
to the present works, two 8 million gallon engines, pumps, boilers,
houses, supply pipes, force mains, reservoirs, &e., $781,000, including
land, &., $19,000, will be $800,000, and if the same are located at
Searboro the cost will be $511,500, to which must be added the value
of the land and right of way, making, say $550,000. The annual
interest on the latter sum at 4 per cent. is............ $22,000 00
The annual expense of operating the present Works,

and renewals as above............0 00: ce eee eee
The same for one 8 m. engine............ $46,667 00
Charge for renewals, engine pipes, &e...... 10,000 00 56,667 00

Annual charge for pumping 20 million gallons daily..... $161,787 00
The cost of gravity works of capacity to supply 20

million gallons daily will be $490,700. The annual

interest on which at 4 per cent. is....... $19,628 00
The annual cost of management and re-

83,120 00

WOW LUNG IOs ois book cos aoc vb alee bv one's 25,000 00 44,628 00
Showing an annual saving for 20 million gallons by
CGN LA) eee at are tp er mien rer ae are rr Pay eres $117,159 00

——————EE_

Third—For a daily supply of 30 million gallons :

By pumping—The cost of a 10 million gallon engine and dupli-
cate, with boilers, &e., will be $120,000. “The annual interest on

which, $4,800, with charge for renewals, $2,400....... $ 7,200 00
The annual expense of operating the 10 million engine. 58,333 00
The same for the 20 million gallon supply, as before. 161,787 00

The annual charge for supplying 30 million by pumping. $227,320 00
The annual interest on the cost of eravity
works to supply 30 million gallons daily

($873,000) would be............. 0.00. $35,012 00
The annual cost of management and charge
TOD OTOP HIS. «icy. ccarin sreew bocce saber rioters 30,000 00 65,012 00

Showing an annual saving for 30 million gallons by
BOI OR hentia igaecatind ha poss Wen Rae ost ee Ack $162,308 00

force weettees TT)

Fourth—For a daily supply of 50 million gallons :

By pumping—Two engines, We. with duplicates, each of 10
million capacity, will cost $280,000; the engine, boiler house, &e., the
additional supply pipe, force, and connecting main, &e., will ‘cost
$260,000, making $540,000.

The annual interest, $21,600, and charge for renewals,

TOLL a ES ESA Seer) a Aa eet ne Aine te $ 32,400 00
The annual cost of operating two engines of 10 million

GEOR cote hee sfc eie tons apes dP ene aOR plemerer eh Bi ee te 116,667 00
Add the annual expense of 30 millions as before....... 227,320 00

The annual charge of supplying 50 million gallons by

LPT ticnacscmrmarnn Oa yin Mage ee cey aie elmue $376,387 00
The annual interest on the cost of gravity

works for supplying 50 million gallons

}
i
|

($1,380,330) at 4 per cent............ . $55,213 00
The annual cost of managément and charge

TOR -TBUG WO ik c'so 0 pidow tin vieig sinae ee 49,000 00 95,213 00
Showing an annual saving in supplying 50 million gal-

LONE DP PPAVIGV ION ic ete ker cer ere ner ereaets $281.174 00

The above comparisons show that without allowing anything for
the interest on the cost of the existing pumping works, the annual
expense of operating them, including the proper annual charge for a
fund for renewing the engines, pumps, boilers, supply and force mains
once in thirty years, will exceed the interest on the cost of gravity

2 SESS ken AINA henna Te OREN AE RCE AURA SERNEN HEISE IT FON SELINA PERE NRE TETAS ORD INR ee a eo:

ind dupli-
iterest on
7,200 00
58,333 00
61,787 00

27,320 00

65,012 00

62,308 00

Rind

wh of 10
e, &e., the
will cost

32,400 00

16.667 00
27,320 00

76,387 00

15,213 00

81.174 00

eh

thing for
e annual
nrge for a
ree mains

f gravity

works tu supply an equal quantity of water, including also the proper
charge for their renewal fund, by $50,716 per year, which saving in
about six years would be equal to the whole cost of the said gravity
works.

In like manner if the supply be increased to twenty millions of
gallons a day, the interest on the cost of the additional pumping works
(as made out by the Superintendent) with the annual charge for the
renewal fund, and the cost of operating at the same rate, will exceed
the interest and renewal charge for the gravity works to supply the
same quantity by $117,159 per year, which saving in about four years
would be equal to the whole cost of the gravity works.

When the demand for water shall have reached thirty millions of
gallons a day, the annual saving by the gravity plan would be $162,-
308, and for fifty millions $281,174, sufficient in each case to repay
the whole cost of the gravity works in less than six years.

These comparisons are, however, not just towards the gravity
plans, because they will deliver all of their water at least at the ele-
vation of the Rosehill reservoir, and ten millions sixty feet feet higher,
while the pumping engines deliver the water for consumption at per-
haps an average of 80 to 100 feet below the level of the reservoir, and
not more than one-fourth actually into the reservoir. The extra cost
of pumping, say one-fourth of water, sixty feet higher than Rosehill,
to compare with the gravity plan, would add about $19,000 a year
and increase the annual saving to about $69,000.

If the gravity project shall receive the favorable consideration of
the Municipal Government, we would recommend that the works
necessary to bring in the water from the west branch of the Don (ten
millions of gallons daily) shall be first commenced and built with as
much alacrity as the case admits, so that it may meet the immediate
demand for an increased supply, instead of increasing the pumping
works, The expenditure will be $210,600, or about one-fourth of the
sui estimated by the Sunerintendent for a supply of eight millions by
pumping.

The necessary surveys and plans can be prepared in three months,
and the works constructed in four to six months.

The lower storage reservoir, containing from 200 to 300 millions
of gallons, would be 9} miles from the Rosehill reservoir. The con-
duit pipe connecting them would have a capacity for delivering from

24

five to ten thousand gallons per minute into the City distribution
(equal to the capacity of twenty-five large steam fire engines). The
necessity for another distribution reservoir within the City is not
therefore imperative.

We would also recommend that the works to bring in the waters
from the middle branch of the Don should be commenced at an early
day and prosecuted more deliberately. They may be completed in one
year, and when finished the pumping expenses may be discontinued,
though it would be advisable to maintain them in working condition
for several years, as they might prove serviceable in the event of a
large conflagration. The further extension of the gravity works
hereinbefore described may be built from time to time as the demand
for water may determine.

It will be observed that in the Plans herein proposed the supply
from each of the gravity sources will be entirely independent, so that
the repairs may be made upon either one without diminishing the full
supply to the City, as the quantity from the other sources may be
increased for the time being until such repairs are made, and
then the greater portion can be drawn from the repaired sources. In
this manner the gravity works may be considered as duplicated by
the existing pumping works up to the present capacity, and the latter
may be made further useful in the event of a very large fire in the
lower portions of the City, as before mentioned, which may demand
for a short time an extraordinary quantity of water.

Ten millions of gallons of water in 24 hours with an average of
100 feet head is equal to 200 horse power. This quantity of water
used in ten hours for small water engines at the rate of cost of run-
ning of five or ten steam horse power would be equal to $200,000 per
annum.

If the water power was furnished by the City at one-fifth the
cost of steam power, and there was a demand for the whole power, it
would pay the City 20 per cent. on the cost of the gravity works.

The conduit pipes will generally follow the high ground, where
they will be subject to very light water pressures, and therefore plate
steel, coated with cement, is proposed to be used of the proper thick-
ness to resist the pressure, and to allow for the corrosion of 30 to 50
years. Cast iron pipes must be made of a certain minimum thick-

tribution
s), The
y is not

ie waters
an early
ed in one
mtinued,
ondition
ent of a
y works
demand

e supply
, so that
‘the full
may be
ide, and
ces. In
ated by
ne latter
e in the
demand

erage of
fF water
of run-
000 per

fth the
wer, it

rks,

, where
re plate
' thick-
0 to 50
| thick-

ness, which is necessarily far beyond that required for such low pres-
sure of water.

The steel pipes will be stiffened against collapsing when empty
by circular fillets. The thickness of the syphon pipes across the
valleys will of course be increased to meet the increased pressure.

In conclusion, we have to state that our preliminary examinations
have shown that an abundant supply of pure and wholesome water
for any possible future demand can be obtained from the districts
herein described ; that it can be delivered at the same, or considerably
greater elevation than the Rosehill reservoir, at a cost, the annual
interest of which, including the expense of management and renewals,
will be so much less than the expense of furnishing an equal quantity
by pumping, that the saving in considerably less than ten years will
be equal to the whole cost of the proposed gravity works.

We have the honor to be,
Very respectfully,
WM. J. McALPINE.
KIVAS TULLY.

ar
ers

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~ WATER SUPPLY Yr TORC ONTO

OAK RIDGE TAKESand the up ey aa sof heRIVERS RIVERS DON 6 ROUGE
Shemng the Catchment ete., CS Ss

Te elevations wre given im) ep ilhes: sad the le Tile Bb ‘Bua 30
The slopes Of the streams ar that 13. Falling 1 i 130,

Scale open Oe ae